Are Biodegradable Plastics Truly Eco-Friendly? Unpacking the Facts for a Sustainable Future

October 27, 2024 / activist360

Impact Characterization of Biodegradable Plastics
Credit: Piao, Z., Boakye, A. A. A., & Yao, Y. (2024). Environmental impacts of biodegradable microplastics. Nature Chemical Engineering, 1, 661–669.

When you hear the word “biodegradable,” what comes to mind? Many of us assume biodegradable plastics are a perfect solution for reducing plastic pollution. However, these materials have complex environmental impacts that aren’t immediately obvious. While they can help reduce certain types of pollution, they also come with hidden trade-offs, including greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.

In this article, we’ll dive into the environmental impacts of biodegradable plastics, explain how Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) helps scientists understand their effects, and offer tips for more eco-friendly choices.

What Are Biodegradable Plastics?

Biodegradable plastics are materials designed to break down in the environment faster than traditional plastics. They are typically made from renewable resources, like corn starch or sugarcane, or from fossil-based sources. Common types include plant-based PLA (polylactic acid) and fossil-based PCL (polycaprolactone).

To fully understand their impact, scientists use a process called Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). LCIA evaluates a product’s environmental footprint across its entire life cycle—from production to disposal. This is essential for understanding biodegradable plastics’ real impact on our planet, including factors like greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and waste management challenges.

Benefits of Biodegradable Plastics in Reducing Microplastic Pollution

One of the most significant benefits of biodegradable plastics is their potential to reduce microplastic pollution. Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments that pollute our oceans, rivers, and even our food and water. Because they don’t easily decompose, they accumulate in ecosystems and can harm wildlife and human health.

Biodegradable plastics offer a promising alternative. When they break down properly, they are less likely to form these harmful microplastics. Scientists assess this potential benefit through a measure in LCIA called aquatic ecotoxicity, which looks at how materials impact aquatic life. Biodegradable plastics typically score lower in aquatic ecotoxicity than traditional plastics because they break down more completely, reducing the risk of long-term pollution.

Think of biodegradable plastics like “biodegradable litter.” If disposed of properly, they disappear without leaving a trace, unlike conventional plastics that break into microplastics and linger in the environment for years.

The schematic diagram of the LCA methodology for biodegradable plastics

Hidden Costs of Biodegradable Plastics: Greenhouse Gas Emissions

While biodegradable plastics can reduce visible pollution, they aren’t without environmental costs. As these plastics break down, particularly in natural environments like rivers or forests, they can release greenhouse gases (GHGs) like methane—a potent contributor to climate change.

Here’s a surprising statistic: when PCL, a common biodegradable plastic, breaks down in a natural setting, it can emit up to 16.3 kilograms of CO₂-equivalent per kilogram of plastic. This emission rate is about 16 times higher than what it would release in an industrial composting facility.

Scientists use Global Warming Potential (GWP) within LCIA to measure how much a material contributes to climate change. For biodegradable plastics, scientists often use dynamic GWP calculations, which track greenhouse gas emissions over time rather than assuming a constant rate. This approach reveals that biodegradable plastics can emit GHGs in bursts as they break down, especially under anaerobic (low-oxygen) conditions in natural environments.

In some scenarios, biodegradable plastics that aren’t properly managed may actually emit more greenhouse gases than traditional plastics.

Role of Waste Management in Reducing Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of biodegradable plastics depends heavily on how they are disposed of. Ideally, they should be processed in industrial composting facilities, where conditions like temperature and oxygen are carefully controlled to allow these plastics to break down quickly and with minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

However, when biodegradable plastics end up in natural environments, such as lakes or soil, they break down under uncontrolled conditions, leading to increased emissions.

Think of biodegradable plastics as “biodegradable litter.” Just as litter remains litter if tossed on the ground, biodegradable plastics can still pollute if not disposed of correctly.

This brings us to the End-of-Life (EoL) Impact stage in LCIA. LCIA considers the full “end-of-life” cycle of a product to evaluate its environmental footprint based on where it ends up. Without the proper disposal infrastructure, biodegradable plastics may add to environmental pollution rather than reduce it.

What the Future Holds for Biodegradable Plastics

As scientists learn more about the impacts of biodegradable plastics, they’re working to design materials that minimize environmental costs. Using tools like LCIA, researchers can adjust physical properties—such as density, degradation rates, and carbon content—so that biodegradable plastics break down with lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduced aquatic toxicity.

LCIA helps scientists make informed design choices that balance eco-friendliness with practicality. For instance, certain plastics might be designed with an optimized Specific Surface Degradation Rate (SSDR), which controls the rate at which they break down in nature. This helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring the plastic still decomposes efficiently.

Think of it like a “recipe” for future plastics. Each ingredient—density, degradation rate, carbon content—needs to be carefully balanced to create a plastic that’s both sustainable and functional. Just as a recipe requires precision for the best result, so does the design of biodegradable plastics.

With LCIA as a guide, scientists and manufacturers can develop low-carbon biodegradable plastics that help protect the planet by reducing pollution and managing emissions.

What Can We Do to Make a Difference?

As consumers, we have a role to play in reducing plastic pollution and supporting sustainable materials. Here are some ways we can contribute:

Mindful Consumption: Choose products with minimal packaging and support companies that use sustainable materials.
Proper Disposal: Make sure biodegradable plastics go into the correct waste streams. Check local composting and recycling guidelines to see if your area has facilities for biodegradable plastics.
Spread the Word: Share this information with friends and family. Understanding the pros and cons of biodegradable plastics helps everyone make more informed, eco-friendly choices.

Summing Up

Biodegradable plastics are a promising step toward reducing plastic pollution, but they also come with their own environmental costs, especially when they end up in natural environments. Through Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), scientists help us understand these trade-offs, from reducing microplastic pollution to the hidden impacts of greenhouse gas emissions.

Ultimately, while biodegradable plastics offer benefits, they are only part of the solution. Proper disposal methods, innovative material design, and mindful consumer choices are essential to building a sustainable future for our planet.

Source: Piao, Z., Boakye, A. A. A., & Yao, Y. (2024). Environmental impacts of biodegradable microplastics. Nature Chemical Engineering, 1, 661–669. https://www.nature.com/articles/s44286-024-00127-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=30edf270-5181-43e1-ad25-342ee6f78155

Earth Day, A Call to Action for Our Planet

April 21, 2024 / activist360

Blue Marble 2000. Credit: NASA, Image created by Reto Stockli with the help of Alan Nelson, under the leadership of Fritz Hasler. CC 2.0.

Earth Day, observed on April 22, is a global movement focused on protecting our planet. This year, as the collective acknowledgment of environmental degradation’s profound impact, we are also presented with an opportunity to champion a cause that could significantly alter the course of our environmental future—the Global Plastics Treaty.

Origins & Significance of Earth Day

Earth Day first emer ged in 1970, initiated by Senator Gaylord Nelson after witnessing the catastrophic effects of an oil spill in Santa Barbara. The first Earth Day mobilized 20 million Americans and led to the creation of significant environmental policies and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Today, Earth Day engages millions of people worldwide in activities aimed at preserving our planet, underscoring the power of collective action in tackling global challenges.

Why Earth Day Matters

Earth Day is crucial for several reasons:

Environmental Education: It raises awareness about pressing environmental issues and promotes sustainable practices.
Global Solidarity: Earth Day unites people across the globe, emphasizing that environmental stewardship is a shared responsibility.
Action and Advocacy: The day inspires individuals and organizations to engage in activities that protect the environment, from local clean-ups to global initiatives.

Earth Day 2024: End Plastic Pollution

The theme for Earth Day 2024 is the urgent need to combat plastic pollution. Plastics, particularly single-use plastics, are a severe threat to the environment, filling our oceans, killing wildlife, and disrupting ecosystems. The focus is on reducing plastic production by 60% by 2040 and eliminating single-use plastics by 2030.

The Urgent Call for the Global Plastics Treaty

In conjunction with Earth Day’s efforts, there is a significant push for the Global Plastics Treaty, a comprehensive international agreement aimed at tackling plastic pollution globally. With over 14,905 signatures, this petition calls on the United Nations and government organizations to adopt stringent measures against plastic pollution, including:

Reducing fossil fuel-based plastic production by 60% by 2040.
Holding producers accountable for environmental and health-related damages.
Banning plastic waste exports and incineration.
Promoting innovation in alternatives to plastic.

If we do not change our current habits, we will see a rise in hormonal diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular damage linked to the production and consumption of plastics. However, this bleak future is not inevitable; we have the ability to redirect our path and avoid this looming crisis.

How You Can Help

This Earth Day, let your actions speak louder than words:

Sign the Global Plastics Treaty Petition: Join the global movement to push for a binding international agreement that addresses plastic pollution head-on.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Make personal changes to minimize your plastic usage.
Participate in Community Actions: Engage in local Earth Day events that focus on cleaning up and reducing plastics and help spread the word.

Final Thoughts

Celebrating Earth Day means committing to protect our planet continuously. By supporting initiatives like the Global Plastics Treaty, we can take significant steps towards a sustainable future free from plastic pollution. This Earth Day, let’s not just celebrate our planet; let’s take concrete steps to save it. Together, we can make a difference, but only if we act now. Join the movement, sign the treaty, and be part of the solution. We have the power to change our environmental destiny and ensure a healthier planet for future generations.

Our goal is not just an environment of clean air and water and scenic beauty. The objective is an environment of decency, quality and mutual respect for all other human beings and all living creatures.
—Gaylord Nelson

The Real Cost of Fossil Fuels on Our Health

March 24, 2024 / activist360

Pump-jack mining crude oil with the sunset. Photo by Zbynek Burival on Unsplash.

Fossil-Fuel Pollution and Its Dire Impact on Global Health

Let’s talk about how burning fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and gas, isn’t just bad for the planet—they are harmful to our health too, particularly through the production of petrochemicals that are foundational to many industrial and everyday products. When we talk about climate change, we’re also talking about something that directly touches our lives, through the air we breathe, the water we drink, and even the products we use every day. Drawing directly from the insights from the New England Journal of Medicine‘s review article, “Health Effects of Fossil Fuel–Derived Endocrine Disruptors” by Dr. Tracey J. Woodruff, it’s evident that the adverse health impacts of fossil-fuel pollution include harmful health implications, including cancer.

Global Impact of Pollution on Health

Did you know that pollution from chemicals is a top reason people are dying prematurely, especially in poorer countries? Most of these deaths come from places that can least afford to deal with these problems. Pollution disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, with over 90% of pollution-related deaths occurring in these regions. Experts think over 1.8 million people die each year because of this pollution, and that number might even be too low since we don’t know the full effects of all the chemicals due to the lack of comprehensive studies.

Growing Concern of Petrochemical-Related Illnesses

A big chunk of this problem comes from fossil fuels. When we dig them up and use them, they release a bunch of nasty chemicals. Many of these chemicals interfere with the endocrine system, acting as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Some of these chemicals mess with our hormones, leading to all sorts of health issues, from cancer to problems having babies. It’s a big deal because these chemicals are in so many things around us—from the plastic in toys and bottles to the makeup we might wear to pesticides on our fruits and vegetables.

Over the last seventy years or so, as we’ve used more fossil fuels and made more stuff from petrochemicals, we’ve seen more people getting sick with long-term illnesses. And it’s not just happening in one place but all over the world. This trend underscores the critical need for awareness and action to mitigate the health risks associated with petrochemical exposure.

Cancer and Petrochemical Exposure

Cancer is a big focus here. It’s heartbreaking how common it has become, and part of the blame lies with the chemicals that come from using fossil fuels. Substances like benzene, found in crude oil and gasoline, and formaldehyde, a byproduct of natural gas combustion, have been classified as carcinogens with strong links to leukemia and nasopharyngeal cancer, respectively. These and other chemicals, pervasive in our environment and daily lives, are not passive occupants. They sneak into our bodies and mess with the way our cells work, leading to diseases like cancer. You might not even know you’re being exposed to them until it’s too late.

Pervasive Problem of Plastics

Moreover, the production and widespread use of plastics, a hallmark of petrochemical derivatives, contribute to the dispersion of these harmful substances into the environment, food chains, and ultimately, our bodies. Phthalates and bisphenols, used to make plastics softer and more durable, have been under scrutiny for their estrogen-like effects, which can potentially lead to breast and other hormone-related cancers.

Taking Action Against Petrochemical Pollution

So, what can we do? For starters, we need to be mindful of our exposure to these chemicals. But that’s not enough. We need big changes, like laws and policies, to make our environment cleaner and safer for everyone. And we’ve got to think about the future and shift towards sustainable and renewable energy sources.

To wrap it up, the damage from fossil fuels to our health is huge, and it’s something we can’t ignore. It’s time for all of us to pay attention, push for change, and take steps toward a world where we’re not risking our health just by living in it. Together, we can fight for a healthier, cleaner future.